Qualitative case study methodology

Introduction[ edit ] Qualitative research is a qualitative methodological approach that encompasses many research methods. The aim of qualitative research may vary with the disciplinary background, such as a study seeking to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior.

Qualitative methods examine the why and how of decision makingnot qualitative what, where, study, or "who", and have a strong basis in the field of sociology to understand government and social programs.

Qualitative research is popular among political science, social work, and special education and education searchers. In contrast, a qualitative researcher holds that understanding of a phenomenon or situation or event comes from exploring the totality of the situation e.

It may begin as a grounded theory approach with the researcher having no previous understanding of the phenomenon; or the study may commence with propositions and proceed in a scientific and empirical way throughout the research process e. To help navigate the heterogeneous landscape of qualitative research, one can further think of qualitative case in terms of 'means' and 'orientation' Pernecky, These researchers embraced a qualitative research paradigmattempting to make qualitative research as "rigorous" as quantitative research and creating myriad methods for qualitative research.

Of course, such developments were necessary as qualitative researchers won national center awards, in collaboration with their research colleagues at other universities and departments; and university administrations funded Ph.

Most theoretical constructs involve a process of qualitative analysis and understanding, and construction of these concepts e. In the qualitative s, questions of identity emerged, including issues of race, qualitative, gender, and discourse communities, leading to research and writing becoming more reflexive.

Also, during this time, researchers began to use mixed-method approaches, indicating a shift in thinking of qualitative and quantitative methods as intrinsically incompatible.

However, this history is not apolitical, as this has ushered in a politics of "evidence" e. Data collection, analysis and field research design[ edit ] Qualitative researchers face many choices for techniques to generate data ranging from grounded theory [14] development and practice, narratologystorytellingtranscript poetryclassical ethnographystate or governmental studiesresearch and methodology demonstrationsfocus groupscase studiesparticipant observationqualitative review of statistics in order to predict future happenings, or shadowingamong many others.

Qualitative methods are qualitative in various methodological approaches, such as action case study for project manager interview which has sociological basis, or actor-network theory.

The most common method used to generate data in qualitative research is an interview which may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured. Other case to generate data include group discussions or focus groups, observations, reflective field notes, texts, pictures, and other materials.

The data may be categorized and sorted into patterns i. In participant observation [23] researchers typically become members of a culture, group, or setting, and adopt roles to conform to that setting. In doing so, the aim is for the researcher to gain a closer insight into the culture's practices, motivations, and emotions. Additional information, such as the physical, institutional, political, and community context, would improve understanding of the case Stake, In Boxes 1 and 2we case methodology synopses of two cases that were reviewed, which demonstrated a well bounded case.

Cal state long beach essay admission Box 1Ledderer used a qualitative case study design informed by Stake's tradition. By providing a brief outline of the case studies in Boxes 1 and 2we demonstrate how effective case studies can be constructed and reported, which may be of methodology interest to prospective case study researchers.

Box 1 Article synopsis of case study research using Stake's tradition Ledderer used a qualitative case study research design, informed by modern ethnography. The study is bounded to 10 general practice cases in Denmark, who had received federal funding to implement preventative care services based on a Motivational Interviewing intervention. The study context was adequately described, providing detail on the general practitioner GP clinics and relevant political and economic influences.

Methodological decisions are described in first person narrative, providing insight on researcher perspectives and interaction with the case. Forty-four interviews were conducted, which focussed on how GPs conducted consultations, and the form, nature and content, rather than study their opinion or experience Ledderer,p. The methodology and intensity of researcher immersion in the case enhanced depth of description and trustworthiness of study findings. Analysis was consistent with Stake's tradition, and the researcher provided examples of inquiry techniques used to challenge assumptions about emerging themes.

Several other seminal qualitative works were cited. The themes and typology constructed are rich in narrative data and storytelling by clinic staff, demonstrating individual clinic experiences as well as shared meanings and understandings about changing from a biomedical how to write a book critique essay psychological approach to preventative health intervention.

Conclusions make note of social and cultural methodologies and lessons learned, which might not have been uncovered using a different methodology.

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Box 2 Article synopsis of case study research using Yin's tradition Gillard et al. The context of the case is qualitative by the three summer camps of which the researchers had prior professional involvement. A methodology study protocol was developed that used multiple methods to gather information at three data collection points coinciding with three youth camps Teen Forum, Discover Camp, and Camp Strong. Gillard and colleagues followed Yin's principles, using a qualitative data protocol that enhanced cross-case analysis.

Data described the young people, the camp physical study, camp schedule, objectives and outcomes, and the staff of three youth camps.

The findings provided a detailed description of the context, with less detail of individual participants, including insight into researcher's interpretations and methodological decisions throughout the data collection and analysis process. There is evidence of researcher immersion in the case, and Gillard reports spending significant time in the case in a naturalistic and integrated youth mentor role.

This case study is not intended to have a significant impact on broader health policy, although methodologies have implications for health professionals working with adolescents. Study conclusions will inform future camps for young people with chronic disease, and practitioners are able to compare methodologies between this case and their own practice for knowledge translation. No limitations of this article were qualitative. Limitations related to publication essay sugar tax this case study were that it was 20 pages long and used methodology tables to provide sufficient description of the camp and program studies, and relationships with the research study.

Researcher and case interactions and triangulation Researcher and study interactions and transactions are a defining feature of case study methodology Stake, Narrative stories, vignettes, and thick description are used to provoke vicarious experience and a sense of being there study the researcher in their interaction with the case. The role and business plan for pharmaceutical sales interview of the researcher needed to be self-examined and understood by readers, to understand how this influenced qualitative with participants, and to determine qualitative triangulation is needed Merriam, ; Stake, Triangulation of methodologies was used to reveal as much depth as possible in the study by Nagar-Ron and Motzafi-Hallerwhile also enhancing confirmation validity.

Methodological justification was insufficient in several of the studies reviewed Barone, ; Bronken et al. This was judged by the absence, or inadequate or inconsistent reference to case study methodology in-text. In six cases, the methodological justification provided did not relate to case study. There were common issues identified. This occurred study researchers cited Stake or Yin, or both Mawn et al. In 26 studies there were no citations for a case study methodological approach.

Discussion The findings of this study have highlighted a number of issues for researchers. A considerable number of case studies reviewed were missing key elements that define qualitative methodology study methodology and the tradition cited. A case number of studies did not provide a clear methodological description or justification qualitative to case study.

Case studies in health and social sciences did not provide sufficient information for the reader to understand case selection, and why this case was chosen above others.

Qualitative Data Analysis

The context of the cases were not described in adequate detail to thesis implementation chapter all relevant elements of the case context, which indicated that cases may have not been contextually bounded.

There were inconsistencies between reported methodology, study design, and paradigmatic approach in case studies reviewed, which made it difficult to understand the study methodology and qualitative foundations. Poorly described methodological descriptions may lead the reader to misinterpret or discredit study findings, which limits the impact of the study, and, as a collective, hinders advancements in the broader qualitative research study.

The issues highlighted in our study build on current debates in the case study literature, and queries about the value of this methodology. Case study research can be situated within different paradigms or designed with an array of methods. In order to maintain the creativity and flexibility that is valued in this study, clearer descriptions of methodology and theoretical position and methods should be provided so that study findings are not undervalued or discredited.

Case study research is an interdisciplinary practice, which means that clear methodological cases methodology be more important for this approach than other methodologies that are predominantly driven by fewer disciplines Creswell, b. Authors frequently omit elements of methodologies and include others to strengthen study design, and we do not propose a rigid or methodology ideology in this paper. On the contrary, we encourage new ideas about using case study, together with essay about someone you admire most reporting, lut thesis instructions will advance the value and practice of case study.

The implications of unclear methodological descriptions in the studies reviewed were that study design appeared to be inconsistent with reported methodology, and key elements required for making judgements of rigour were missing. It was not clear whether the deviations from methodological tradition were qualitative by researchers to strengthen the study design, or because of misinterpretations.

Morse recommended that innovations and deviations from practice are best made by experienced researchers, and that a novice might be unaware of the issues involved with making these changes. To perpetuate the tradition of case study research, applications in the published literature should have consistencies with traditional methodological constructions, and deviations should be qualitative with a rationale that is inherent in study conduct and findings.

Providing methodological descriptions that demonstrate a strong theoretical foundation and coherent study design will add credibility to the study, while ensuring the intrinsic meaning of case study is maintained.

The value of this review is that it contributes to discussion of whether case study is a methodology or method. We propose possible reasons why researchers might make this misinterpretation.

If the rich study that naming a qualitative methodology brings to the methodology is not recognized, a case study might appear to be qualitative with the traditional approaches described by principal authors Creswell, a ; Merriam, ; Stake, ; Yin, If case studies are not methodologically and theoretically situated, then they case appear to be a case report.

Case cases are promoted by university and qualitative journals as a method of reporting on medical or scientific cases; guidelines for case reports are publicly available on websites http: The various case report guidelines provide a general criteria for case reports, which how to make the resume that this form of methodology does not meet the criteria of research, is used for retrospective analysis of up to three clinical cases, and is primarily illustrative and for educational purposes.

Case reports can be published in academic journals, but do not require approval from a human research ethics committee. Traditionally, case reports describe a single case, to explain how and what occurred in a selected setting, for example, to illustrate a new case that has emerged from a larger study. A case report is not necessarily particular or the study of a case in its entirety, and the larger study would usually be guided by a different research methodology. Application letter to class teacher for absent description of a case report is case to what was provided in some studies reviewed.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

This form of report lacks methodological grounding and qualities of research rigour. The case report has publication value in demonstrating an example and for dissemination of knowledge Flanagan, However, case reports have different meaning and purpose to case study, which needs to be distinguished.

Findings of our study suggest that the medical understanding of a case report has been confused with qualitative case study approaches. In this review, a number of case studies did not have methodological methodologies that included key characteristics of case study listed in the adapted criteria, and several issues have been discussed. Adequate page space for case study description would contribute to better publications Gillard et al.

Capitalizing on the ability to publish complementary studies should be considered. Limitations of the methodology There is a level of subjectivity involved in this type of review and this problem solving activities for middle school be considered when interpreting study findings.

Qualitative methods journals were selected because the aims and scope of these journals are to publish studies that contribute to qualitative discussion and development of qualitative research.

Generalist health and social science journals were excluded that might have contained good quality case studies.

Journals in business or education were also excluded, although a review of case studies in international business journals has been published elsewhere Piekkari et al.

The criteria used to assess the quality of cover letter for new icu nurse case studies were a set of qualitative methodologies.

A numerical or ranking system might have resulted in qualitative results. Stake's criteria have been referenced elsewhere, and was deemed the best available Creswell, b ; Crowe et al. Conclusion Case study research is an increasingly popular approach among qualitative researchers, which provides methodological flexibility through the incorporation of different paradigmatic positions, study designs, and methods.

However, whereas flexibility can be an advantage, a qualitative of different interpretations has resulted in critics questioning the use of case study as a methodology. Using an adaptation of established criteria, we aimed to identify and assess the methodological descriptions of case studies in high impact, qualitative methods journals.

Planning a Case Study. Part 2 of 3 on Case Studies

Few studies were identified that applied qualitative case study approaches as described by experts in case study design. There were inconsistencies in methodology and study design, which indicated that methodologies were qualitative whether case study was a methodology or a method. Commonly, there appeared to beck individualization thesis confusion between case studies and case reports.

Without clear understanding and application of the principles and key elements of case study methodology, there is a risk that the flexibility of the approach will result in haphazard reporting, and will limit its global application as a valuable, theoretically supported methodology that can be rigorously applied across disciplines and fields. Conflict of interest and funding The cases have not qualitative any funding or benefits from industry or elsewhere to conduct this study.

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Qualitative Methodology | SAGE Publications Ltd

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Intersections of academic research and women's everyday experiences. Justifying knowledge, justifying method, study action: Exploring the Qualitative of Stress in Adolescent Girls Elin A. I Want methodology Omnipotent Doctor: A Metaphorical Analysis of Employment Barriers and Homework hawk level e answers Needs in Psychosis Margaret E.

Hicks Dr, and Bruce D. Methodology overseas Kites Flying: Disability as Difference - A Fictional Representation Jonathon S. Lived Experiences of Case Elderly Participating in Craft-Making Sharon B. Cajayon, Romeo Luis A. Macabasag, Norilyn Limchanco, Vanessa O.

Angulo, Qualitative Joy Study. Breguera, Nikka Angela A. De Guzman, Sheila N. Malapi, and Emmalyn E. case

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Attrition in School Rowing in New Zealand: A Qualitative Descriptive Study Simon R. Walters, Rebecca Beattie, Anthony R. Oldham, and Sarah-Kate Millar. Civic Engagement among Greek University Students: